情態動詞與助動詞
I． 要點
助動詞本身無意義，在句中幫助主要動詞構成一定的時態，語態、語氣，或是幫助構成否定句和疑問句，常用的助動詞有be, do, have, shall(should), will(would).
情態動詞表一定的詞義，本身并不表示動作或狀態，而僅僅表達說話人的態度，它在句中須和主要動詞一起構成謂語，主要的情態動詞有can(could), may (might), must, have to, ought to, need, dare, shall, should, will, would.
1、can 能，可以，表說話人同意，許可還可表客觀條件許可，如:You can go now.
提建議或請求時可用can I, can you表客氣，如Can I buy you a drink?
can和be able to表能力時的區別。
can表一般具有的能力，be able to表在特定條件下的能力，如:Although the driver was badly hurt, he was able to explain what had happened.
2、may
（1）、可以，表說話人同意，許可或請求對方許可。You may go.
（2）、（現在和將來）可能，也許，只用于肯定句和否定句中，如He may not be right.
3、must, have to
must表主觀上的必須，have to表客觀上的必須，如:It's getting late. I have to go. -Must I go now. -Yes, you must.
(No, you needn't./ No, you don't have to.)
4、need, dare這二詞有實意動詞和情態動詞兩種詞性，如用作實意動詞后接動詞不定式to do，如用作情態動詞后接動詞原形。Need I go now? --Yes, you must./No, you needn't.)
5、shall用于第一人稱疑問句中表說話人征求對方的意見或向對方請求，如，Shall we begin our lesson?
用于二、三人稱陳述句，表說話人命令、警告、允諾、威脅等口吻，如: You shall fail if you don't work harder.
6、should表應該，意為有責任，有義務。如:We should try our best to make our country more beautiful.
7、will表有做某事的意志、意愿、安心、打算，如 "Will you lend me your book?" "Yes, I will."，
8、should have done表應該做而未做
must have done表對過去事實的肯定推測
could have done表本可以做某事
9、判斷句：肯定句用must, 否定句用can't, 不太肯定用may, might
He must be in the office now.
He must have gone to bed, for the light is out.
He can't be in the office. He is at home.
He couldn't have cleaned the classroom, because he didn't come here today.
He might be in the office, I am not sure.
He might have cleaned the room, I suppose.
II． 例題
例1，They _______ to walk in the street at might.
A. didn't dare B. not dared C. not dare D. dared not
解析，該題答案為A， 此空需選一動詞作謂語，因為后面是to walk, didn't dare是行為動詞dare過去時態的否定形式。
例2，When he was very old, Mr. Smith _______ sit for hours without saying a word.
A. would B. should C. must D. used
解析，該題答案為A, would此處表過去的傾向性，習慣性動作，意為"總是"如: When we were children, we would go swimming every summer.
（十一）句子種類
I． 要點
句子按使用目的可分為陳述句、疑問句、祈使句和感嘆句；按結構又分為簡單句、并列句和復合句。
1、陳述句的否定
（1） 在含有賓語從句的主從復合句中，當主句的謂語動詞是think, expect, believe, suppose, guess, fancy, imagine等，且主句主語是第一人稱時，賓語從句謂語的否定習慣上要移到主句謂語上，如: I don't think he is right.
（2） 含有否定意義的副詞never, seldom, hardly, scarcely, rarely, barely的句子應視為否定句，如: I have never been there before.
2、反意疑問句
（1） need和dare 既可作情態動詞，又可作實意動詞，在反問部分須加以區別，如We needn't leave, need we? We don't need to leave, do we?
（2） 陳述部分出現否定意義的副詞或代詞如never, seldom, few, hardly, little等時，反問部分須用肯定形式如：He seldom comes, does he?
（3） 陳述部分用不定代詞作主語時，反問部分的主語用it ，如：Nothing can stop me, can it?
陳述部分用everybody, everyone, somebody, someone，等作主語時，反問部分常用it，有時也用they，如:Everybody knows that, don't they?
（4） 陳述部分包括used to 時，反問部分可有兩種形式，如: You used to get up early, usedn't (didn't) you?
（5） 陳述部分是"there + be"結構時，反問部分用there，如:There's something wrong with you, isn't there?
（6） 陳述部分是含有賓語從句的主從復合句時，反問部分的主語和謂語應和主句保持一致，如: He never told others what he thought, did he?
但，如果是I think , I believe等 +賓語從句時，反問部分須和從句的動詞保持一致，如，I don't think he is right, is he? I don't believe he does that, does he?
3、感嘆句
用what或how,
What a beautiful park it is.
How beautiful a park it is.
How beautiful the park is.
How we worked!
4、祈使句
Take care!
Don't stand there.
Please open the door for the old lady.
II．例題
例1，Don't forget to post the letter, _______ ?
A. will you B. do you C. won't you D. shall you
解析：該題答案為A， 在否定句、祈使句后只用"will you"?，但肯定的祈使句后可用如，Wait for me, will (won't, can, can't, could) you?
例2，Let's go out for a walk, _______ ?
A. will you B. won't you C. shall we D. do we
解析：該題答案為C，let's…后加上shall we來表語氣婉轉、客氣，而在let us后加上will you。
例3，He hardly writes to you, _______ ?
A. doesn't he B. does he C. do they D. has he
解析：該題答案為B，hardly否定副詞，反問部分要用肯定形式。
（十二）各種從句
I．要點
根據從句在句中的句法功能，從句可分為名詞性從句、定語從句和狀語從句。
1、 名詞性從句
（1） 主語從句
What he wants is a piece of paper.
It is believed that he can solve the problem.
注：主語從句的謂語動詞用單數。
（2）賓語從句
I don't know how to solve the problem.
Do you know where he lives?
（3）表語從句
The problem is who can help me.
This is why I came here.
（4）同位語從句
I have no idea where he went.
I heard the news that he would come.
同位語從句用that引導，常跟在fact, idea, news, promise, thought, message, hope, belief, doubt等詞后，that在從句中不作任何成分。
2、定語從句
在復合句中，修飾某一名詞或代詞，或修飾整個主句的從句叫做定語從句，引導定語從句的關系代詞有who, whom, whose, which, that, as,和關系副詞when, where, why。
（1）that指物時一般可與which互換，但在下列情況下，要用that而不用which。
a. 先行詞有all, everything等不定代詞時，如，
Everything (that) he did is wrong.
b. 先行詞被all, every, no, some, any, little, much等修飾時，如，
I'll read all the books (that) you lend me.
c. 先行詞被序數詞或形容詞最高級修飾時，
This is the first letter (that) the boy has written.
d. 先行詞被the only, the very, the same, the last修飾時，如
He is the very man (that) I'm looking for.
e. 只用which的情況
在介詞后或在非限定性定語從句中
This is the book about which we have talked a lot.
The book, which he gave me yesterday, is very interesting.
f. where和when作關系副詞
This is the room where I worked.
This is the room which I stayed in.
I remembered the day when we lived there.
I remembered the day that I spent there.
g. as和which
as 可以放于句首，而which 不可以
As you know, he is good at English.
three of them 和three of which
I have a lot of books, three of which are in Russian.
I have a lot of books and three of them are in Russian.
3、狀語從句
在復合句中起狀語作用的從句叫做狀語從句。狀語從句可分為時間狀語、地點狀語、原因狀語、目的狀語、結果狀語、條件狀語、行為方式狀語、比較狀語、讓步狀語等多種。
II． 例題
例1、 _______ I accept the gift or refuse it is none of your business.
A. If B. Whether C. Even if D. No matter when
解析：該題答案為B。whether可以和or連用，if不可以，此外if一般僅用于賓語從句。
例2、The way _______ these comrades look at problems is wrong.
A. where B. in that C.X D. with which
解析：該題答案為C，先行詞是way，定語從句中用that或 in which來引導或不填。
例3， ____a long time since I saw you last time.
A．It was B. It is C. It had been D. It can be
解析：該題答案為B，It is +時間數+ since引導的從句是一個句型，意為"從…時候以來過了多久了。"
（十三）主謂一致
I． 要點
謂語受主語支配，須和主語在人稱和數上保持一致，這叫做主謂一致，主謂一致包括語法一致、意義上一致和就近一致。
1、語法上一致
（1）、以單數名詞或代詞，動詞不定式短語、動名詞短語或從句作主語時，謂語動詞要用單數，主語為復數時，謂語用復數，如，
To work hard is necessary for a student.
（2）、用and或both……and連接的并列主語，謂語動詞用復數，如，
Both he and I are right.
但并列主語如果指的是同一人，同一事物或同一概念，謂語動詞用單數，如, His teacher and friend is a beautiful girl.
（3）、主語是單數時，盡管后面跟有as well as, but ,except, besides, with ,along with, together with, like等，謂語動詞仍用單數，如，
The teacher as well as his students is excited.
（4）、某些不定代詞，如做主語，謂語動詞要用單數，如:Everyone has a book.
（5）、一些只有復數形式的名詞，如people, cattle, clothes等作主語時，謂語動詞要用復數，如，A lot of people are dancing outside.
2、意義上一致
（1）、表時間、距離、價格、度量衡等的名詞作主語時，謂語動詞通常用單數，如，
Twenty years is not a long time.
（2）、表示總稱意義的名詞public, police, cattle, clothes等作主語時，謂語動詞用復數，如，
People are talking about the accident.
（3）、有些集合名詞，如family, team等作主語，如作為一個整體看待，謂語動詞用單數，如指其中每個成員，則用復數，如，
My family is a big one.
My family are watching TV.
3、鄰近一致
用連詞or, either……or, neither……nor, whether……or, not only…but also,等連接的并列主語，如果一個是單數，一個是復數，則謂語動詞按就近一致原則，與最靠近它的主語一致，如，
Either you or I am mad.
II．例題
例1、 The chemical works _______ where my father has worked for thirty years in 1949.
A. was built B. were built C. is built D. are built
解析：該題答案為A。works形式上是復數，意思上是單數，因此謂語動詞用單數，類似的還有news, maths, politics, physics.
例2、They each _______ a copy of the new physics.
A. have B. has C. having D. gets
解析：該題答案為A。They each不等于each of …, each of 這個詞組作主語謂語用單數如each of the students hands in their homework，而they each作主語，謂語要隨each前面的詞來變化。
英語語法知識難點（四）
（十四）倒裝
I．要點
按"主語+謂語"這種順序排列的句子是陳述語序，如果變為"謂語（或謂語的一部分）+主語"，就是倒裝語序。
1、全部倒裝
（1）there be 句型
There is going to be a meeting.
There is a book on the table.
（2）here, there, now, then, in, out等副詞置于句首時，主謂倒裝，但如果主語是人稱代詞時，主語和謂語語序不倒裝，如，
Here comes the bus.
Here he comes.
（3）直接引語的部分或全部位于句首時，有時也用倒裝，如，
"What he said meant nothing", said the teacher.
（4）為保持句子平衡，強調表語或狀語，使上下文緊密銜接時須完全倒裝，如，In front of the house sat a small boy.
2、部分倒裝
（1）so, neither, nor置于句首說明與前者情況一致時，如，
I like swimming, so does my brother.
（2）only +狀語放在句首，如，
Only through this method can we win.
Only in this way can we do the work well.
（3）含有否定意義的詞置于句首，如，Hardly, scarcely, not, seldom, no sooner, never, little, at no time, in no way, no more等，如，
Never had I heard that.
Little did I know about this.
（4）以often, so +形容詞或副詞開頭的句子，如，
So heavy is the box that he cannot carry it.
（5）用于省略if的虛擬條件句中，將had, were, should提前，如，
Were I you, I wouldn't do that.
Had he come, we would have won.
（6）用于某些表示祝愿的句中，如，
May you be happy for ever.
II．例題
例1、Not only ____ this machine but ____ it.
A. can he run……can he repair B. can he run……he can repair
C. he can run……he can repair D. he can run……can he repair
解析：該題答案為B，在not only……but (also)句型中，只有but前面的部分倒裝，but后面仍是正常語序。
例2、____, it is quite easy to drill a hole in it with laser（激光）.
A. Hard although the diamond B. Hard as the diamond is
C. As the diamond is hard D. Has hard is the diamond
解析：該題答案為B，在讓步狀語從句中，從屬連詞as可以表示though，但要用倒裝語序。
例3、Only in this way ____ to improve the situation there.
A. can you hope B. you can hope C. hope can D. you hope
解析：該題答案為A， only和它所修飾的狀語一起置于句首時，須用倒裝。
（十五）it 與there be的用法
I．要點
1、it的用法
（1）用作人稱代詞，代替前文提到的無生命的事物，動植物、嬰兒及指示代詞this, that，如，
I have a new pen. It is beautiful.
The Browns have a new baby. It's cute.
（2）用來表示時間、天氣、距離等，如，
It's twelve o'clock now.
It's fine today.
（3）用作引導詞，代替由不定式，ing形式或從句表示的真正的主語或賓語，如，
It's no good telling him that.
It's necessary for you to do so.
（4）用在強調結構中，構成強調句式：It is/was +被強調部分+that/who/whom +句子其余部分，可強調除謂語以外的句子其他成分，如，
It was this morning that I saw him in the street.
It was I who saw him in the street this morning.
It was in the street that I saw him this morning.
It was him whom I saw in the street this morning.
2、there be句型
英語表示某時某處或某物時，常用there be句型，這是一種倒裝結構，如，
There are a lot of students playing on the ground.
There is going to be a test this afternoon.
當主語有兩個或兩個以上時，動詞be常和最近的那個主語取得一致，如，
There is a pen and three pencils in the pencil-box.
There isn't a desk, a bench and three chairs in the room.
There are lots of people like it, aren't there?
there be句型，謂語動詞除be之外，還可用其他表示存在，位置移動等意義的不及物動詞或詞組，如exist, stand, lie, enter, come, happen to be, appear to be等，如，
There stands a house at the foot of the hill.
there be句型表示"存在"而have表"有"、"擁有"，所以there be中 be不能換成have，但當have表示事物的特征時，可用"主語+have"結構替換there be 句型，如：
There are five doors in the house.
The house has five doors.
there be 的其它句型：
1、There must be a meeting in the office.
2、There have been great changes since 1979.
3、There being no bus, we had to walk home.
I． 例題
例１ ____ that he went to sleep.
A It was until midnight B That was until midnight
C It was not until midnight D That was not until midnight
解析：該題答案為C。強調until結構時，要將否定詞not移到until前。又如：He didn't leave until twelve 改為It was not until twelve that he left.
例２ There are a lot of students ____ in the class room.
A talk B talking C talked D to talk
解析：該題正確答案為B。 There be句型為倒裝句，可換為A lot of students are talking in the class room. 又如：There is a lot of noise heard out in the street.
（十六）省略
I．要點
有時為了避免重復，使語言簡練緊湊，在不損害結構或引起誤解的原則下，往往省去一個或多個句子成分或詞語。
１、 固定習慣用詞。如：
No smoking! Thanks s lot!等。
2. 簡單句中的省略
（１） 口語中，一、二、三人稱的主語，有時還包括謂語都可以省略。如：（It is）Nice to see you!
(This is) Li Ming speaking.
（２） 所有格后的名詞如為住宅、商店、工礦、教堂等可以省略。如：
I'm going to visit Tom's (house).
I met him at the tailor's (shop).
（３） 兩個或兩個以上的動詞不定式并列在一起時，第一個不定式帶to，后面的不定式可省to.如: His job is to clean and mend the machine.
（４） 主（賓）語補足語中的to be常省略。He was considered (to be) the best student in the class.
（５） There be結構中 there be可同時省略，或只省略there.如：(Is there) Anything wrong?
（６） 表示年齡的years old, 表示鐘點的o'clock, minute等常省略。如：What time is it now? It's ten (o'clock).
3從句中的省略
（１） 賓語從句，以which, when, where, how和why引起的賓語從句謂語與主句謂語如相同，可省略從句中全部謂語，甚至主語也可省略，僅保留wh－一詞。如：
He will come, but we don't know when (he will come).
He didn't come, I wondered why (he didn't come).
（２） 定語從句中可省略作賓語的關系代詞，如：
The man (whom) I saw in the street the other day is my teacher.
（３） 狀語從句，在時間、地點、讓步、方式、條件狀語從句中，從句主語與主句主語一致，或從句主語是it，則be動詞及其主語常可省略。如：
I'll tell him that when (it is) possible.
I won't go there unless (I'm) invited.
II．例題
例１ A beam of light will not bend（彎曲）round corners unless____ to do so with the help of a reflecting device（反射裝置）。
A made B being made C having made D to be made
解析：該題正確答案為A。 unless后省略了it is. make sb (sth) do sth變成被動語態則為sth/ sb be made to do.
例２ While ____my homework, I heard a cry for help.
A do B did C doing D having done
解析：該題答案為C。該空處省略了I'm,相當于while I'm doing my home work.如：While playing guitar, he is singing.
英語語法習題檢測
1. He was a good swimmer so he ____ swim to the river bank when the boat sank.
A. can B. might C. could be able to D. was able to
2． At the Christmas party Santa Claus (圣誕老人) ____ the presents under the tree.
A. handed back B. handed out
C. handed in D. handed to
3. Tears ____ the little match girl's eyes as she thought of her kind grandfather.
A. ran down B. fell down C. came to D. rolled into
4. A child can't learn ____ without ____.
A. to spell, helping B. spelling, helping
C. spell, being helped D. spelling, being helped
5. Only one man had ever been elected President four times, ____ Franklin D.
Roosevelt.
A. for example B. such as
C. the one of whom D. that is to say
6. ____, the medical team is made up of twelve doctors.
A. Altogether B. Entirely C. Completely D. Wholly
7. ---- ____.
---- Have a good time.
A. I've to see the doctor now
B. It's time for dinner
C. I went to the concert last night
D. I'm going to a party now
8. The man lives in a ____ place. That is, he lives ____ from here.
A. far away, far away B. faraway, faraway
C. far away, faraway D. faraway, far away
9. The patient's progress was encouraging as he could ____ get out of bed without help.
A. nearly B. only C. hardly D. badly
10. We have to set off right away, ____ we ?
A. do B. don't C. have D. haven't
11. The street lights ____ on when night falls.
A. will have turned B. will have been turning
C. will be turned D. will be turning
12. " Well, in the translation, the word ____ a different meaning," said Miss Dianna.
A. takes on B. takes up C. looks like D. has a look at
13. When he was through ____ he got up and left.
A. to talk B. to be talked C. talking D. being talked
14. The town has ____ bridge.
A. a fine old stone's B. an old fine stone's
C. a fine old stone D. an old fine stones
15. I didn't buy the apples; he gave them to me ____ nothing.
A. with B. for C. at D. by
16. ____ speak to me like that again.
A. Never B. Not C. Not to D. Can't
17. Egypt is ____ the oldest countries in the world.
A. one B. between C. among D. in the middle of
18. They fought ____ the end and won ____ the end.
A. in, to B. to, in C. in, in D. to, to
19. I ____ three hours on the text and it will ____ me another hour for the grammar.
A. have spent, take B. spend, need have
C. take, spend D. need, take
20. The play put on by the students was quite different ____ you imagined.
A. from what B. to that C. from which D. to which
21. Here ____ the worker and writer.
A. comes to B. comes C. come D. are coming
22. Would you like to have ____ more bread?
A. some B. any C. a few D. little
23. There will be few, if ____.
A. some B. any C. much D. many
24. I have ____ things to do. I can't play ____.
A. many, no more B. a lot of, any more
C. much more, more D. much of, any more
25. I walked 50 miles today. I never guessed that I could walk ____ far.
A. that B. this C. such D. as
26. I am sorry I took your umbrella ____ mistake.
A. with B. through C. for D. by
27. You can go where you like ____ you get back before dark.
A. as well as B. as long as
C. as soon as D. so as to
28. ____ we know, this is the best of its kind.
A. Because B. When C. As far as D. That
29. There isn't any water ____ air on the moon.
A. and B. or C. but D. both
30. It was not long ____ we climbed up the mountain.
A. after B. before C. since D. until
31. The girl grew ____ age and wisdom.
A. for B. in C. with D. by
32. The climate (氣候) in Beijing does not agree ____ me.
A. on B. to C. with D. in
33. There's a police car in front of the department store. What do you suppose ____.
A. is happened B. has happened
C. would happen D. did happen
34. ____ better attention, the cabbages (洋白菜) could have grown better with
the sun ____ them light.
A. Given, gave B. Given, giving
C. Giving, given D. Giving, giving
35. What is ____ next?
A. to do B. to be done C. doing D. done
36. "A Dream of the Red Chamber" (紅樓夢) is said ____ into dozens of languages in the last decade (十年).
A. to have been translated B. to be translated
C. to translate D. to have translated
37. Some scientists say that the need for fresh water ____ by the year 2000.
A. will have doubled B. will be doubling
C. be doubled D. has doubled
38. It ____ I had no money with me at the moment.
A. is so happened that B. was so happened that
C. so happened which D. so happened that
39. What does the weighing machine ____?
A. express B. explain C. read D. write
40. Over a hundred boys came to ____ out for the football team.
A. go B. run C. try D. make
41. There are ____ boys than girls in our class.
A. much more B. many more C. many D. a lot many
42. His health is ____.
A. as poor, if not poorer than, his sister
B. as poor as his sister's if not poor
C. as poor as, if not poorer than, his sister's
D. as poor, if not poorer than his sister's
43. The trees can ____ part of the heat from the sun.
A. keep up B. keep on C. keep out D. keep up with
44. ____ hearing the news, we jumped ____ joy.
A. On, with B. In, to C. At, in D. For, with
45. The hot weather will ____ another month, I think.
A. go on with B. go on for C. get on with D. go on to
46. When I was at school, I ____ to the library every afternoon.
A. has gone B. went C. was going D. had been going
47. " Do you go to school?" " ____."
A. No, I go home B. Yes, I am
C. No, I work D. No, I cycle
48. " Shall I keep the book or pass it on to Jack?"
" ____, please."
A. Yes, you shall B. No, you mustn't
C. Yes, please keep it D. Pass it on to Jack
49. These photographs will show you ____.
A. what does our village look like
B. what our village looks like
C. how does our village look like
D. how our village looks like
50. Please explain ____.
A. me the sentence B. the sentence to me
C. me to the sentence D. the sentence for me
答案：
1-5 DBCDD 6-10 ADDAB 11-15 CACCB 16-20 ACBAA 21-25 BABBA 26-30 DBCBB
31-35 CCBBB 36-40 AADCC 41-45 BCCAB 46-50 BCDBB
------文章版權歸原作者所有, 未經允許請勿轉載, 如有任何問題請聯系我們。
