合成詞也稱復合詞,顧名思義,就是由兩個或兩個以上的詞合在一起構成的詞,可分別用做形容詞或副詞。合成詞從表面結構上看不拘一格,種類繁多,無論記憶還是使用都十分困難,那么我們除了簡單記憶這些詞是由哪些詞構成之外,還有沒有舉一反三的規律可循呢?下面我們將一一道來。 I. 復合形容詞 (COMPOUND ADJECTIVES)
1. 含有分詞的復合形容詞
復合形容詞中的現在分詞與過去分詞均源于定語從句中的謂語動詞。
例如:
●Australia is a country which speaks English. (country 由定語從句修飾)
澳大利亞是一個講英語的國家。
Australia is a country speaking English. (country 由現在分詞短語修飾)
Australia is an English-speaking country. (country 由復合形容詞修飾)
以上三個句子中,我們分別用了三種不同的方法修飾country,三種不同的修飾語與country的邏輯關系都是country speaks English,因為country是動作speak的發出者,按照修飾動作發出者用現在分詞的原則,合成詞應該使用English-speaking。然而短語spoken English (英語口語)是不同的,這個短語中被修飾詞English是動作speak的承受者,因此,用過去分詞spoken, 以上兩種不同的邏輯關系必須分清。
我們再來看幾個例子:
●earthshaking changes = changes which shake the earth
翻天覆地的變化(changes 是動作shake的發出者)
UN peacekeeping forces=forces which keep peace
聯合國維和部隊(forces 是動作keep的發出者)
record-breaking destroy=destroy which breaks record 破記錄的毀壞
peace-loving people= people who love peace愛好和平的
epoch-making decision=decision which makes epoch開新紀元的/劃時代的決策
fine-sounding words=words which sound fine 甜言蜜語
soft-feeling materials=materials which feel soft 手感柔軟的面料
good-looking gentleman=gentleman who looks good 儀表堂堂的男士
hard-working students=students who study hard刻苦讀書的學生
far-reaching influence=influence which reaches far廣泛深遠的影響
easygoing person=person who goes easy 隨和容易相處的人
well-being children=children who are well 健康的孩子
state-owned enterprises=enterprises which are owned by state國有企業
hand-made goods=goods which were made by hand 手工制品
heart-felt thanks=thanks which are felt by heart 衷心的感謝
fast-developing industry=industry which develops fast 高速發展的產業
highly-developed countries=countries have developed highly 高度發達的國家
newly-arrived visitors=visitors who have arrived newly 剛剛抵達的參觀者
well-known university=university which is known very well著名的大學
ready-made clothes=clothes which are made and ready to be used做好的, 現成的衣服
self-employed person=person who is employed by oneself非受雇于人的,從事個體職業的人
snow-covered fields=feilds which are covered by snow白雪覆蓋的田野
newly-built airport=airport which is built newly新建的飛機場
從以上例子可以看出,要了解和掌握含有分詞的復合形容詞,首先必須了解正確使用及物動詞的現在分詞和過去分詞的關鍵:
① 準確了解及物動詞的分詞與所修飾的名詞關系,修飾動作發出者用現在分詞表示主動,修飾動作承受者用過去分詞表示被動。
② 準確了解不及物動詞的所用時態,用現在分詞表示主動含義或動作正在進行,用過去分詞表示動作業已完成。
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